3. SQL Server数据库状态监控 - 可用空间

原文:3. SQL Server数据库状态监控 - 可用空间

数据库用来存放数据,那么肯定需要存储空间,所以对磁盘空间的监视自然就很有必要了。

. 磁盘可用空间

1. 操作系统命令或脚本、接口或工具

(1) DOS命令: fsutil volume diskfree

C:\windows\system32>fsutil volume diskfree C:

Total # of free bytes        : 9789493248

Total # of bytes             : 64424505344

Total # of avail free bytes  : 9789493248

这里用到了fsutil,一个文件系统管理工具(file system utility),应该还有其他一些命令或者脚本也是可以的。

 

(2) WMI/WMIC: wmic logicaldisk

WMI是个Windows系统的管理接口,在WMIC出现之前,如果要利用WMI管理系统,必须使用一些专门的WMI应用,例如SMS,或者使用WMI的脚本编程API,或者使用象CIM Studio之类的工具。如果不熟悉C++之类的编程语言或VBScript之类的脚本语言,或者不掌握WMI名称空间的基本知识,要用WMI管理系统是很困难的。WMIC改变了这种情况,它为WMI名称空间提供了一个强大的、友好的命令行接口。

C:\windows\system32>wmic logicaldisk get caption,freespace,size

Caption  FreeSpace     Size

C:       9789071360    64424505344

D:       189013438464  255331397632

这里通过wmic的get命令获取了logicaldisk 的几个参数列。

 

(3) 性能监视器

LogicalDisk: %Free Space

LogicalDisk: Free Megabytes

总大小 = LogicalDisk: Free Megabytes/ LogicalDisk: %Free Space

性能监视器虽然用于现场诊断还是挺方便的,但实现自动化监控,并不太好用。

 

2. SQL 语句

(1) 扩展存储过程xp_cmdshell (还是在调用操作系统命令)

DECLARE @Drive TINYINT,
      @SQL VARCHAR(100)
DECLARE @Drives TABLE
(
Drive CHAR(1),
Info VARCHAR(80)
)

SET @Drive = 97
WHILE @Drive <= 122
BEGIN
    SET @SQL = EXEC XP_CMDSHELL ‘‘fsutil volume diskfree  + CHAR(@Drive) + :‘‘‘

    INSERT @Drives
    (
    Info
    )
    EXEC(@SQL)

    UPDATE @Drives
       SET Drive = CHAR(@Drive)
     WHERE Drive IS NULL

    SET @Drive = @Drive + 1
END

SELECT Drive,
SUM(CASE WHEN Info LIKE Total # of bytes% THEN CAST(REPLACE(SUBSTRING(Info, 32, 48), CHAR(13), ‘‘) AS BIGINT) ELSE CAST(0 AS BIGINT) END)/1024.0/1024/1024 AS TotalMBytes,
SUM(CASE WHEN Info LIKE Total # of free bytes% THEN CAST(REPLACE(SUBSTRING(Info, 32, 48), CHAR(13), ‘‘) AS BIGINT) ELSE CAST(0 AS BIGINT) END)/1024.0/1024/1024 AS FreeMBytes,
SUM(CASE WHEN Info LIKE Total # of avail free bytes% THEN CAST(REPLACE(SUBSTRING(Info, 32, 48), CHAR(13), ‘‘) AS BIGINT) ELSE CAST(0 AS BIGINT) END)/1024.0/1024/1024 AS AvailFreeMBytes
FROM(
SELECT Drive,
       Info
  FROM @Drives
 WHERE Info LIKE Total # of %
) AS d
GROUP BY Drive
ORDER BY Drive

xp_cmdshell可以执行操作系统命令行,这段脚本用fsutil volume diskfree命令对26个字母的盘符遍历了一遍,不是很好,改用wmic会方便些,如下:

EXEC xp_cmdshell wmic logicaldisk get caption,freespace,size;

 

(2) 扩展存储过程xp_fixeddrives

--exec xp_fixeddrives
IF object_id(tempdb..#drivefreespace) IS NOT NULL
    DROP TABLE #drivefreespace
CREATE TABLE #drivefreespace(Drive CHAR(1), FreeMb bigint)
INSERT #drivefreespace EXEC (exec xp_fixeddrives)
SELECT * FROM #drivefreespace

Drive

FreeMb

C

9316

D

180013

 

 

 

 

 

总算不依赖操作系统命令了,不过,这个存储过程只能返回磁盘可用空间,没有磁盘总空间。

 

(3) DMV/DMF: sys.dm_os_volume_stats

SELECT DISTINCT
       @@SERVERNAME as [server]
      ,volume_mount_point as drive
      ,cast(available_bytes/ 1024.0 / 1024.0 / 1024.0 AS INT) as free_gb
      ,cast(total_bytes / 1024.0 / 1024.0 / 1024.0 AS INT) as total_gb
FROM sys.master_files AS f
CROSS APPLY sys.dm_os_volume_stats(f.database_id, f.file_id)
ORDER BY @@SERVERNAME, volume_mount_point

server

drive

free_gb

total_gb

C:\

9

59

D:\

175

237

 

 

 

 

 

从SQL Server 2008 R2 SP1开始,有了这个很好用的DMF: sys.dm_os_volume_stats,弥补了之前xp_fixeddrives没有磁盘总空间的不足。

不过,看它的参数就可以知道,没被任何数据库使用的磁盘,是查看不了的,所以xp_fixeddrives还有存在的必要。

 

. 数据库可用空间

1. 文件可用空间查看

(1) 文件已用空间,当前大小(已分配空间),最大值,如下:

select @@SERVERNAME as server_name
      ,DB_NAME() as database_name
      ,case when data_space_id = 0 then LOG
            else FILEGROUP_NAME(data_space_id) 
            end as file_group
      ,name as logical_name
      ,physical_name
      ,type_desc
      ,FILEPROPERTY(name,SpaceUsed)/128.0 as used_size_Mb
      ,size/128.0 as allocated_size_mb 
      ,case when max_size = -1 then max_size 
            else max_size/128.0 
            end as max_size_Mb
      ,growth
      ,is_percent_growth
 from sys.database_files
where state_desc = ONLINE

 

(2) 再算上磁盘的空闲空间,改动如下:

select @@SERVERNAME as server_name
      ,DB_NAME() as database_name
      ,case when data_space_id = 0 then LOG
            else FILEGROUP_NAME(data_space_id) 
            end as file_group
      ,name as logical_name
      ,physical_name
      ,type_desc
      ,FILEPROPERTY(name,SpaceUsed)/128.0 as used_size_mb
      ,size/128.0 as allocated_size_mb
      ,case when max_size = -1 then max_size 
                else max_size/128.0 
                end as max_size_mb
      ,vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024 as disk_free_mb
      ,growth
      ,CAST(is_percent_growth as int) as is_percent_growth
from sys.database_files df
cross apply sys.dm_os_volume_stats(DB_ID(),df.file_id) vs
where state_desc = ONLINE

 如果是SQL Server 2008 SP1以前的版本,可用xp_fixeddrives生成磁盘空闲空间表,再进行关联。

 

(3) 结合文件是否自增长,文件最大值,磁盘空间,算出文件可用空间比率,改动如下:

select @@SERVERNAME as server_name
      ,DB_NAME() as database_name
      ,case when data_space_id = 0 then LOG
            else FILEGROUP_NAME(data_space_id) 
            end as file_group
      ,name as logical_name
      ,physical_name
      ,type_desc
      ,FILEPROPERTY(name,SpaceUsed)/128.0 as used_size_mb
      ,size/128.0 as allocated_size_mb
      ,case when max_size = -1 then max_size 
                else max_size/128.0 
                end as max_size_mb
      ,vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024 as disk_free_mb
      ,case when growth = 0 then  (size - FILEPROPERTY(name,SpaceUsed))*1.0/size
            when growth > 0 and max_size = -1 then ((size/128.0 + vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024) - FILEPROPERTY(name,SpaceUsed)/128.0)/(size/128.0 + vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024)
            when growth > 0 and max_size <> -1 and (max_size/128.0 - vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024) >= 0 then ((size/128.0 + vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024) - FILEPROPERTY(name,SpaceUsed)/128.0)/(size/128.0 + vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024)
            when growth > 0 and max_size <> -1 and (max_size/128.0 - vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024) <  0 then (max_size - FILEPROPERTY(name,SpaceUsed))*1.0/max_size
            else null 
            end as free_space_percent
      ,growth
      ,CAST(is_percent_growth as int) as is_percent_growth
from sys.database_files df
cross apply sys.dm_os_volume_stats(DB_ID(),df.file_id) vs
where state_desc = ONLINE

 

(4) 如果有多个数据库,注意fileproperty()和filegroup_name()函数,都只在当前数据库下生效,改动如下:

if object_id(tempdb..#tmp_filesize) is not null
    drop table #tmp_filesize
GO
create table #tmp_filesize
(
server_name          varchar(256),
database_name        varchar(256),
file_group           varchar(256),
logical_name         varchar(256),
physical_name        varchar(1024),
type_desc            varchar(128),
used_size_mb         float,
allocated_size_mb    float,
max_size_mb          float,
disk_free_mb         float,
free_space_percent   float,
growth               int,
is_percent_growth    int
)
GO

exec sp_msforeachdb use [?]  
insert into #tmp_filesize
select @@SERVERNAME as server_name
      ,DB_NAME() as database_name
      ,case when data_space_id = 0 then ‘‘LOG‘‘
            else FILEGROUP_NAME(data_space_id) 
            end as file_group
      ,name as logical_name
      ,physical_name
      ,type_desc
      ,FILEPROPERTY(name,‘‘SpaceUsed‘‘)/128.0 as used_size_mb
      ,size/128.0 as allocated_size_mb
      ,case when max_size = -1 then max_size 
                else max_size/128.0 
                end as max_size_mb
      ,vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024 as disk_free_mb
      ,case when growth = 0 then  (size - FILEPROPERTY(name,‘‘SpaceUsed‘‘))*1.0/size
            when growth > 0 and max_size = -1 then ((size/128.0 + vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024) - FILEPROPERTY(name,‘‘SpaceUsed‘‘)/128.0)/(size/128.0 + vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024)
            when growth > 0 and max_size <> -1 and (max_size/128.0 - vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024) >= 0 then ((size/128.0 + vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024) - FILEPROPERTY(name,‘‘SpaceUsed‘‘)/128.0)/(size/128.0 + vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024)
            when growth > 0 and max_size <> -1 and (max_size/128.0 - vs.available_bytes/1024.0/1024) <  0 then (max_size - FILEPROPERTY(name,‘‘SpaceUsed‘‘))*1.0/max_size
            else null 
            end as free_space_percent
      ,growth
      ,CAST(is_percent_growth as int) as is_percent_growth
from sys.database_files df
cross apply sys.dm_os_volume_stats(DB_ID(),df.file_id) vs
where state_desc = ‘‘ONLINE‘‘‘

select * from #tmp_filesize

 

2. 数据库可用空间告警

2.1 告警的格式

数据库可用空间告警,通常不告警某个文件,也不告警整个数据库,而是某个确切的文件组/表空间,日志文件是没有文件组的,所有可以把日志文件合并为LOG这个组。

(1) Oracle可以给表空间设置最大尺寸,表空间里的每个文件逐个使用,直到最后一个文件也没空间时,就会提示空间不足;

(2) SQL Server 无法对文件组设置最大尺寸,只可以给文件组里每个文件指定最大尺寸,所以要先统计:是否当前文件组下所有的文件都已经满了?

将同一个文件组/LOG下的所有文件都检查一下,如果所有文件都满了(以20%为例),那么就满足告警条件了,如下:

--#tmp_filesize 在上面的脚本里生成了
select server_name,
       database_name,
       file_group,
       MAX(free_space_percent) as max_free_space_percent
  from #tmp_filesize
 group by server_name,database_name,file_group
 having MAX(free_space_percent) <= 0.2 --20%

邮件告警的格式大致为:

邮件标题:主机名\实例名\数据库名\文件组名,@@servername已经包含了SQL Server实例名;

邮件内容:文件组 ”file group name” 空间不足,已低于20%。

 

2.2 告警后如何处理?

(1) 告警中的文件组里的文件,所在的磁盘还有空间吗?

exec xp_fixeddrives

如果当前磁盘没空间,可以给当前文件组在其他磁盘上添加新的文件,并关闭老的文件自增长或限制最大值;

如果所有磁盘都没空间,可以考虑删除磁盘上的其他文件,或者收缩数据库文件(数据/日志),或者磁盘扩展空间(加磁盘)。

 

(2) 如果磁盘有空间,文件是否关闭了自动增长?

可能是在创建文件时,给了文件比较大的size,如500G,并关闭了文件自动增长;

ALTER DATABASE test
ADD FILE 
(
    NAME = test_02,
    FILENAME = D:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL10_50.MSSQLSERVER\MSSQL\DATA\test_02.ndf,
    SIZE = 500 GB,
    FILEGROWTH = 0
)
TO FILEGROUP [PRIMARY];
GO

 

(3) 如果磁盘有空间,自动增长也开了,是不是限制了文件最大值?

限制最大值和关闭自增长,应该都是不想单个文件变得太大,个人觉得一个文件控制在500G以内比较合理,这两种情况,都建议扩展一个新文件。

 

小结

如果没有监控工具,那么可选择系统视图,扩展存储过程,结合数据库邮件的方式,作自动检查,并告警文件组/日志空闲空间不足。大致步骤如下 :

(1) 部署数据库邮件;

(2) 部署作业:定时检查文件组/日志空闲空间,发邮件告警。

 

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