一步一步构建手机Web开发——环境搭建篇

  从2007年,乔布斯带来了第一代Iphone手机,整个移动互联网发生天翻地覆的变化,也同时证明了乔布斯的一句名言:“再一次改变世界”。

  在当今的移动互联网,手机App居多,很多App对移动设备的要求也越来越高,当然,土豪就可以经常更新换代。我们这群屌丝只能望梅止渴。为了解决少部分由于硬件或者软件引起的问题,我们将App迁移到浏览器上,也就是人们常说的WebApp,WebApp相对与手机App客户端有以下优点:

  1、免安装,一个浏览器就可以搞定。

  2、不需要繁忙的迭代更新。

  3、不需要担心存储不足无法安装。

  4、时刻可以享受最新的功能。

  5、轻量级App。

  6、...

  7、...

  

  废话少说,让我们直接进入WebApp构建教程

第一步:页面头部标签的申明

  ① 声明文档,在这里我们采用的是Html5的申明文档

<!DOCTYPE html>

  ② 禁止浏览器缩放

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">

  ③ 设置浏览器编码类型

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta content="application/xhtml+xml;charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />

  ④ 清除浏览器缓存

<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, must-revalidate">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="Wed, 26 Feb 1997 08:21:57 GMT">

  ⑤ iPhone 手机上设置手机号码不被显示为拨号链接

<meta content="telephone=no, address=no" name="format-detection" />

  ⑥ IOS私有属性,可以添加到主屏幕

<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />

  ⑦ IOS私有属性,网站开启对 web app 程序的支持

<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent" />

  对于上面的meta属性,有不了解的同志可以看看这篇文章:传送门

 

第二步:解决IE6~IE9对Html5和Css3的支持问题

  ① 让IE6~8支持CSS3伪类和属性选择器

<!--[if lte IE 8]>
        <script src="scripts/selectivizr.js"></script>
    <![endif]-->

  ② 让IE9一下的浏览器支持Html5标签和媒体查询器(主要用于响应式网站开发)

 <!--[if lt IE 9]>
        <script src="scripts/css3-mediaqueries.js"></script>
        <script src="scripts/html5shiv.js"></script>
    <![endif]-->

  

上面两步的具体代码:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="test">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    <!--禁止浏览器缩放-->
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
    <meta content="application/xhtml+xml;charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
    <!--清除浏览器缓存-->
    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
    <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, must-revalidate">
    <meta http-equiv="expires" content="Wed, 26 Feb 1997 08:21:57 GMT">
    <!--iPhone 手机上设置手机号码不被显示为拨号链接)-->
    <meta content="telephone=no, address=no" name="format-detection" />
    <!--IOS私有属性,可以添加到主屏幕-->
    <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />
    <!--屏幕顶部条的颜色-->
    <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent" />

    <title>手机webApp</title>
    <!--让IE8,IE9,支持Html5和Css3-->
    <!--[if lte IE 8]>
        <script src="scripts/selectivizr.js"></script>
    <![endif]-->
    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
        <script src="scripts/css3-mediaqueries.js"></script>
        <script src="scripts/html5shiv.js"></script>
    <![endif]-->
</head>

  

这样我们就部署好一个简单WebApp头部了

 

第三步:添加重置样式(reset.css)和解决手机WebApp字体和图片等标签问题

  ① 添加重置样式,主要为了解决浏览器部分标签在各大浏览器上显示的一致问题(reset.css)

html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; }
body { line-height: 1; }
ol, ul { list-style: none; }
blockquote, q { quotes: none; }
blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ‘‘; content: none; }
/* remember to define focus styles! */
:focus { outline: 0; }
/* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */
ins { text-decoration: none; }
del { text-decoration: line-through; }
/* tables still need ‘cellspacing="0"‘ in the markup */
table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; }

  ② 设置手机字体和部分标签样式问题(common.css)

/* 禁用iPhone中Safari的字号自动调整 */
html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; }
/* 设置HTML5元素为块 */
article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section { display: block; }
/* 设置图片视频等自适应调整 */
img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; width: auto9; /* ie8 */ }
.video embed, .video object, .video iframe { width: 100%; height: auto; }

 

  通过上面三个步骤,一个基本的手机WebApp框架就构建好了。

  但是还缺点什么呢?那就是让手机支持触摸事件!在这里我推荐一个js插件,hammer.js

  相信大家对hammer.js还不够熟悉,为大家粗略介绍一下:

  hammer.js是一款开源的移动端脚本框架,他可以完美的实现在移端开发的大多数事件,如:点击、滑动、拖动、多点触控等事件。不需要依赖任何其他的框架,并且整个框架非常小,在使用时非常简单。并且hammer.js的兼容性和拓展性非常好,hammer.js主要针对触屏的6大事件进行监听。如下图所示:

技术分享

  在这里我就不具体介绍:对于hammer.js的详细用法,请移步:hammer.js开发教程

 

第四步:为手机添加触屏插件:hammer.js

<script type="text/javascript" src="scripts/hammer.js"></script>

这样一个稍微完整的WebApp开发框架就搭配好了,详细代码:

 

HTML代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    <!--禁止浏览器缩放-->
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
    <meta content="application/xhtml+xml;charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
    <!--清除浏览器缓存-->
    <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
    <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, must-revalidate">
    <meta http-equiv="expires" content="Wed, 26 Feb 1997 08:21:57 GMT">
    <!--iPhone 手机上设置手机号码不被显示为拨号链接)-->
    <meta content="telephone=no, address=no" name="format-detection" />
    <!--IOS私有属性,可以添加到主屏幕-->
    <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />
    <!--屏幕顶部条的颜色-->
    <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent" />

    <title>手机webApp</title>
    <!-- 重置样式 -->
    <link type="text/css" href="css/reset.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <!-- 主样式 -->
    <link type="text/css" href="css/common.css" rel="stylesheet" />
    <!-- Jquery库 -->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="scripts/jquery-1.11.1.min.js"></script>
    <!-- 手机触摸 -->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="scripts/hammer.js"></script>
    <!--让IE8,IE9,支持Html5和Css3-->
    <!--[if lte IE 8]>
        <script src="scripts/selectivizr.js"></script>
    <![endif]-->
    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
        <script src="scripts/css3-mediaqueries.js"></script>
        <script src="scripts/html5shiv.js"></script>
    <![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
    
</body>
</html>

 

Reset.css

html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; }
body { line-height: 1; }
ol, ul { list-style: none; }
blockquote, q { quotes: none; }
blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ‘‘; content: none; }
/* remember to define focus styles! */
:focus { outline: 0; }
/* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */
ins { text-decoration: none; }
del { text-decoration: line-through; }
/* tables still need ‘cellspacing="0"‘ in the markup */
table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; }

 

Common.css

/* 禁用iPhone中Safari的字号自动调整 */
html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; }
/* 设置HTML5元素为块 */
article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section { display: block; }
/* 设置图片视频等自适应调整 */
img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; width: auto9; /* ie8 */ }
.video embed, .video object, .video iframe { width: 100%; height: auto; }


body { font: 14px/22px "Georgia", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background: #fff; color: #595959; overflow-y: scroll; overflow-x: hidden; *overflow-y: auto !important; }
a { text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; }
.Wrapper { width: 100%; padding: 0; margin: 0; }
li { list-style: none; }
a { text-decoration: none; color: #555756; }
a:hover { color: #141414; text-decoration: none; }
a img { border: none; }
a > img { vertical-align: bottom; }
.min-height { min-height: 0; height: auto; _height: 0; overflow: hidden; _overflow: visible; }
.position-absolute { position: absolute; }
.position-relative { position: relative; }
.overflow-hidden { overflow: hidden; }





/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 *  320 ~ 480
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (min-width: 320px) and (max-width: 480px) {
}

/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 *  321 ~   宽大于321的设备
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (min-width: 321px) {
}

/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 *  ~ 320  宽小于320的设备
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (max-width: 320px) {
}

/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 *  ~ 480  宽小于480的设备
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (max-width: 480px) {
}

/* medium screens (excludes iPad & iPhone) */
/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 * 481 ~ 767  宽大于480且小于767的iPad和iPhone
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 767px) {
}

/* ipads (portrait and landscape) */
/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 * 768 ~ 1024  宽大于480且小于1024的iPad和iPhone
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) and (max-device-width: 1024px) {
}

/* ipads (landscape) */
/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 * 768 ~ 1024  宽大于480且小于1024的iPad和iPhone
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (orientation: landscape) {
}

/* ipads (portrait) */
/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 * 768 ~ 1024  宽大于480且小于1024的iPad和iPhone
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (orientation: portrait) {
}

/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 * 1444 ~ 1824  宽大于1444且小于1824的设备
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (min-width: 1444px) and (max-width: 1824px) {
}

/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 * 1824 ~  宽大于1824的设备
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (min-width: 1824px) {
}

/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 * 2224 ~  宽大于2224的设备
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (min-width: 2224px) {
}

/* iphone 4 and high pixel ratio (1.5+) devices */
/*
 * -----------------------------------------
 * iphone4 ~ 
 * -----------------------------------------
 */
@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio : 1.5), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio : 1.5) {
}
/* iphone 4 and higher pixel ratio (2+) devices (retina) */
@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) {
}

 

框架搭建篇就此完毕,下一篇的教程为:实现手机滑动换屏特效及侧滑出菜单特效。

 

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