MVC之前的那点事儿系列(8):UrlRouting的理解

MVC之前的那点事儿系列(8):UrlRouting的理解

文章内容

根据对Http Runtime和Http Pipeline的分析,我们知道一个ASP.NET应用程序可以有多个HttpModuel,但是只能有一个HttpHandler,并且通过这个HttpHandler的BeginProcessRequest(或ProcessRequest)来处理并返回请求,前面的章节将到了再MapHttpHandler这个周期将会根据请求的URL来查询对应的HttpHandler,那么它是如何查找的呢?

一起我们在做自定义HttpHandler的时候,需要执行URL以及扩展名匹配规则,然后查找HttpHandler的时候就是根据相应的规则来查找哪个HttpHandler可以使用。另一方面我们本系列教材讲的MVC就是通过注册路由(Route)来匹配到对应的Controller和Action上的,例如Global.asax里的代码:

routes.MapRoute(
    "Default",
    "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
    new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }

但是在匹配这个之前,MVC首先要接管请求才能处理,也就是说我们要有对应MVC的HttpHandler(后面知道它的名字叫MvcHandler)被MapRequestHandler周期的处理引擎查找到并且应用上才行,然后后面才能由 Controller/Action执行。另外一方面,由于该URL地址没有扩展名,所以无法进入ASP.NET的RunTime,MVC2的实现方式是:注册通配符(*.*)映射到aspnet_ISPAI.dll,然后通过一个自定义的UrlRoutingModuel来匹配Route规则,再继续处理,但是MVC3的时候,匹配Route规则的处理机制集成到ASP.NET4.0里了,也就是今天我们这篇文章所要讲的主角(UrlRoutingModule)的处理机制。

 

先来看UrlRoutingModule的源码,无容置疑地这个类是继承于IHttpModule,首先看一下Init方法的代码:

protected virtual void Init(HttpApplication application) {

    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 
    // Check if this module has been already addded
    if (application.Context.Items[_contextKey] != null) { 
        return; // already added to the pipeline 
    }
    application.Context.Items[_contextKey] = _contextKey; 

    // Ideally we would use the MapRequestHandler event.  However, MapRequestHandler is not available
    // in II6 or IIS7 ISAPI Mode.  Instead, we use PostResolveRequestCache, which is the event immediately
    // before MapRequestHandler.  This allows use to use one common codepath for all versions of IIS. 
    application.PostResolveRequestCache += OnApplicationPostResolveRequestCache;
}

该代码在PostResolveRequestCache周期事件上添加了我们需要执行的方法,用于URL匹配规则的设置,但是为什么要在这个周期点上添加事件呢?看了注释,再结合我们前面对Pipeline的了解,释然了,要像动态注册自己的HttpHandler,那就需要在MapRequestHandler之前进行注册自己的规则(因为这个周期点就是做这个事情的),但由于IIS6不支持这个事件,所以为了能让IIS6也能运行MVC3,所以我们需要在这个周期之前的PostResolveRequestCache的事件点上去注册我们的规则,也许如果IIS6被微软废弃以后,就会将这个事件添加到真正的开始点MapRequestHandler上哦。

 

我们继续来看注册该事件的OnApplicationPostResolveRequestCache方法的代码:

public virtual void PostResolveRequestCache(HttpContextBase context) { 
    // Match the incoming URL against the route table
    RouteData routeData = RouteCollection.GetRouteData(context);

    // Do nothing if no route found 
    if (routeData == null) {
        return; 
    } 

    // If a route was found, get an IHttpHandler from the route‘s RouteHandler 
    IRouteHandler routeHandler = routeData.RouteHandler;
    if (routeHandler == null) {
        throw new InvalidOperationException(
            String.Format( 
                CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture,
                SR.GetString(SR.UrlRoutingModule_NoRouteHandler))); 
    } 

    // This is a special IRouteHandler that tells the routing module to stop processing 
    // routes and to let the fallback handler handle the request.
    if (routeHandler is StopRoutingHandler) {
        return;
    } 

    RequestContext requestContext = new RequestContext(context, routeData); 
 
    // Dev10 766875    Adding RouteData to HttpContext
    context.Request.RequestContext = requestContext; 

    IHttpHandler httpHandler = routeHandler.GetHttpHandler(requestContext);
    if (httpHandler == null) {
        throw new InvalidOperationException( 
            String.Format(
                CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture, 
                SR.GetString(SR.UrlRoutingModule_NoHttpHandler), 
                routeHandler.GetType()));
    } 

    if (httpHandler is UrlAuthFailureHandler) {
        if (FormsAuthenticationModule.FormsAuthRequired) {
            UrlAuthorizationModule.ReportUrlAuthorizationFailure(HttpContext.Current, this); 
            return;
        } 
        else { 
            throw new HttpException(401, SR.GetString(SR.Assess_Denied_Description3));
        } 
    }

    // Remap IIS7 to our handler
    context.RemapHandler(httpHandler); 
}

我已经加粗了4行重要的代码,第一行是通过传递HttpContext参数,从RouteCollection找到对应的静态属性RouteData( GetRouteData方法里会先判断真实文件是否存在,如果不存在才去找RouteData),第二行然后从RouteData的属性RouteHandler获取一个IRouteHandler的实例,第三行是从该实例里获取对应的IHttpHandler实例,第4行是调用HttpContext的RemapHandler方法重新map新的handler(这行代码的注释虽然说是remap IIS7,其实IIS6也是用了,只不过判断该方法里对IIS7集成模式多了一点特殊处理而已),然后可以通过HttpContext. RemapHandlerInstance属性来得到这个实例。

关于Route/RouteData/RouteCollection/IRouteHandler的作用主要就是定义URL匹配到指定的IHttpHandler,然后注册进去,具体实现我们稍后再讲,现在先看一下Http Pipeline里是如何找到这个IHttpHandler实例的,由于IIS6和IIS7集成模式是差不多的,前面的文章我们提到了都是最终调用到IHttpHandlerFactory的实例,然后从中获取IHttpHandler,所以我们这里只分析IIS6和IIS7经典模式的实现。

 

先来看BuildSteps里查找HttpHandler的方法MapHandlerExecutionStep的代码,只有几行代码,最重要的是:

context.Handler = _application.MapHttpHandler(
    context,
    request.RequestType,
    request.FilePathObject, 
    request.PhysicalPathInternal,
    false /*useAppConfig*/); 

MapHttpHandler就是我们要查找Handler的方法了,来仔细看看代码:

internal IHttpHandler MapHttpHandler(HttpContext context, String requestType, VirtualPath path, String pathTranslated, bool useAppConfig) { 
    // Don‘t use remap handler when HttpServerUtility.Execute called
    IHttpHandler handler = (context.ServerExecuteDepth == 0) ? context.RemapHandlerInstance : null;

    using (new ApplicationImpersonationContext()) { 
        // Use remap handler if possible
        if (handler != null){ 
            return handler; 
        }
 
        // Map new handler
        HttpHandlerAction mapping = GetHandlerMapping(context, requestType, path, useAppConfig);

        // If a page developer has removed the default mappings with <httpHandlers><clear> 
        // without replacing them then we need to give a more descriptive error than
        // a null parameter exception. 
        if (mapping == null) { 
            PerfCounters.IncrementCounter(AppPerfCounter.REQUESTS_NOT_FOUND);
            PerfCounters.IncrementCounter(AppPerfCounter.REQUESTS_FAILED); 
            throw new HttpException(SR.GetString(SR.Http_handler_not_found_for_request_type, requestType));
        }

        // Get factory from the mapping 
        IHttpHandlerFactory factory = GetFactory(mapping);
 
 
        // Get factory from the mapping
        try { 
            // Check if it supports the more efficient GetHandler call that can avoid
            // a VirtualPath object creation.
            IHttpHandlerFactory2 factory2 = factory as IHttpHandlerFactory2;
 
            if (factory2 != null) {
                handler = factory2.GetHandler(context, requestType, path, pathTranslated); 
            } 
            else {
                handler = factory.GetHandler(context, requestType, path.VirtualPathString, pathTranslated); 
            }
        }
        catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            if (HttpRuntime.HasPathDiscoveryPermission(pathTranslated)) 
                throw new HttpException(404, null, e);
            else 
                throw new HttpException(404, null); 
        }
        catch (DirectoryNotFoundException e) { 
            if (HttpRuntime.HasPathDiscoveryPermission(pathTranslated))
                throw new HttpException(404, null, e);
            else
                throw new HttpException(404, null); 
        }
        catch (PathTooLongException e) { 
            if (HttpRuntime.HasPathDiscoveryPermission(pathTranslated)) 
                throw new HttpException(414, null, e);
            else 
                throw new HttpException(414, null);
        }

        // Remember for recycling 
        if (_handlerRecycleList == null)
            _handlerRecycleList = new ArrayList(); 
        _handlerRecycleList.Add(new HandlerWithFactory(handler, factory)); 
    }
 
    return handler;
}

从代码可以看出,首先如果当前页面使用了HttpServerUtility.Execute进行页面内跳转,就不使用我们通过路由设置的HttpHandler(也就是HttpContent.RemapHandlerInstance属性),如果没有跳转,就使用,并且优先级是第一的,只有当不设置任何基于Route的HttpHandler,才走剩余的匹配规则(也就是之前ASP.NET默认的按照扩展名类匹配的,这部分和我们关系不大就不做详细分析了)。

 

好了,知道了UrlRouteModuel的大概机制,我们再回头看看如何通过Route/RouteData/RouteCollection/IRouteHandler这几个类来实现动态注册Route规则的,先来看Route的代码:

[TypeForwardedFrom("System.Web.Routing, Version=3.5.0.0, Culture=Neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35")]
public class Route : RouteBase
{    
    public Route(string url, IRouteHandler routeHandler)
    {
        Url = url;
        RouteHandler = routeHandler;
    }
     
    public Route(string url, RouteValueDictionary defaults, RouteValueDictionary constraints, IRouteHandler routeHandler) { 
            Url = url;
            Defaults = defaults; 
            Constraints = constraints; 
            RouteHandler = routeHandler;
        }

    //省略部分代码
    public override RouteData GetRouteData(HttpContextBase httpContext)
    {
        // Parse incoming URL (we trim off the first two chars since they‘re always "~/")
        string requestPath = httpContext.Request.AppRelativeCurrentExecutionFilePath.Substring(2) + httpContext.Request.PathInfo;

        RouteValueDictionary values = _parsedRoute.Match(requestPath, Defaults);

        if (values == null)
        {
            // If we got back a null value set, that means the URL did not match
            return null;
        }

        RouteData routeData = new RouteData(this, RouteHandler);

                // Validate the values
        if (!ProcessConstraints(httpContext, values, RouteDirection.IncomingRequest)) { 
            return null; 
        }
 
        // Copy the matched values
        foreach (var value in values) {
            routeData.Values.Add(value.Key, value.Value);
        } 

        // Copy the DataTokens from the Route to the RouteData 
        if (DataTokens != null) { 
            foreach (var prop in DataTokens) {
                routeData.DataTokens[prop.Key] = prop.Value; 
            }
        }
        return routeData;
    }       
    }

Route代码提供了一系列的构造函数重载(我们这里只列出了两个),构造函数主要是传入URL和对应的IRouteHandler实例以及约束规则(比如正则等),然后提供了一个最重要的GetRouteData方法,用于将Route自身和IRouteHandler组装成RouteData,然后返回(中途也会验证相应的约束条件,比如是否符合某个正则表达式),RouteData类本身没有什么逻辑,只是暴露了Route和RouteHandler属性。

 

我们再来看RouteCollection,该类保存了所有的Route规则(即URL和对应的IRouteHandler),通过静态属性RouteTable.Routes来获取RouteCollection实例,通过UrlRoutingModule里暴露的RouteCollection属性我们可以验证这一点:

public RouteCollection RouteCollection {
    get { 
        if (_routeCollection == null) { 
            _routeCollection = RouteTable.Routes;
        } 
        return _routeCollection;
    }
    set {
        _routeCollection = value; 
    }
} 

还有一个需要注意的,RouteHandler继承的IRouteHandler的代码:

public interface IRouteHandler
{
     IHttpHandler GetHttpHandler(RequestContext requestContext);
}

该代码只提供了一个GetHttpHandler方法,所有实现这个接口的类需要实现这个方法,MVCHandler就是这么实现的(下一章节我们再细看)。

 

至此,我们应该有一个清晰的认识了,我们通过全局静态属性集合(RouteTable.Routes)去添加各种各样的Route(但应该在HttpModule初始化周期之前),然后通过UrlRoutingModule负责注册Route以及对应的IRouteHandler实例(IRouteHandler实例可以通过GetHttpHandler获取IHttpHandler),最终实现根据不同URL来接管不同的HttpHandler。

 

MVC正是利用HttpApplication创建的周期(Application_Start方法)来添加了我们所需要的Route规则,当然在添加规则的时候带上了MVCHandler这个重要的HttpHandler,

代码如下:

protected void Application_Start()
{
    RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
}

public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
{
    routes.MapRoute(
        "Default",
        "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
        new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }
                );
}

MapRoute方法是一个扩展方法,通过该扩展方法注册Route是个不错的方法,下一章节,我们讲讲解MVC是如何注册自己的MVCRouteHandler实例以及如何实现MVCHandler的调用的。

参考资料:

http://www.cnblogs.com/me-sa/archive/2009/06/01/MVCLifecycle.html

http://www.cnblogs.com/zhaoyang/archive/2011/11/16/2251200.html

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